6,609 research outputs found
A Raman anemometer for component-selective velocity measurements of particles in a flow
An anemometer for the measurement of the velocity of particles of different components in a flow, separate and apart from that of the flow itself, is described. As a component-selective mechanism Raman scattering is used. The velocity is measured by relating the autocorrelated scattering signal to the known laser beam profile
A Compound model for the origin of Earth's water
One of the most important subjects of debate in the formation of the solar
system is the origin of Earth's water. Comets have long been considered as the
most likely source of the delivery of water to Earth. However, elemental and
isotopic arguments suggest a very small contribution from these objects. Other
sources have also been proposed, among which, local adsorption of water vapor
onto dust grains in the primordial nebula and delivery through planetesimals
and planetary embryos have become more prominent. However, no sole source of
water provides a satisfactory explanation for Earth's water as a whole. In view
of that, using numerical simulations, we have developed a compound model
incorporating both the principal endogenous and exogenous theories, and
investigating their implications for terrestrial planet formation and
water-delivery. Comets are also considered in the final analysis, as it is
likely that at least some of Earth's water has cometary origin. We analyze our
results comparing two different water distribution models, and complement our
study using D/H ratio, finding possible relative contributions from each
source, focusing on planets formed in the habitable zone. We find that the
compound model play an important role by showing more advantage in the amount
and time of water-delivery in Earth-like planets.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa
Retrieval methods of effective cloud cover from the GOME instrument: an intercomparison
The radiative scattering by clouds leads to errors in the retrieval of column densities and concentration profiles of atmospheric trace gas species from satellites. Moreover, the presence of clouds changes the UV actinic flux and the photo-dissociation rates of various species significantly. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument on the ERS-2 satellite, principally designed to retrieve trace gases in the atmosphere, is also capable of detecting clouds. Four cloud fraction retrieval methods for GOME data that have been developed are discussed in this paper (the Initial Cloud Fitting Algorithm, the PMD Cloud Recognition Algorithm, the Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm (an in-house version and the official implementation) and the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A-band). Their results of cloud fraction retrieval are compared to each-other and also to synoptic surface observations. It is shown that all studied retrieval methods calculate an effective cloud fraction that is related to a cloud with a high optical thickness. Generally, we found ICFA to produce the lowest cloud fractions, followed by our in-house OCRA implementation, FRESCO, PC2K and finally the official OCRA implementation along four processed tracks (+2%, +10%, +15% and +25% compared to ICFA respectively). Synoptical surface observations gave the highest absolute cloud fraction when compared with individual PMD sub-pixels of roughly the same size
Retrieval methods of effective cloud cover for the GOME instrument: an intercomparison
International audienceThe radiative scattering by clouds leads to errors in the retrieval of column densities and concentration profiles of atmospheric trace gas species from satellites. Moreover, the presence of clouds changes the UV actinic flux and the photo-dissociation rates of various species significantly. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument on the ERS-2 satellite, principally designed to retrieve trace gases in the atmosphere is also capable of detecting clouds. Four cloud fraction retrieval methods for GOME data that have been developed are discussed in this paper (the Initial Cloud Fitting Algorithm, the PMD Cloud Retrieval Algorithm, the Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm and the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Cloud Observables). Their results of cloud fraction retrieval are compared to each-other and also to synoptic surface observations. It is shown that all studied retrieval methods calculate an effective cloud fraction that is related to a cloud with a high optical thickness. Generally, we found ICFA to produce the lowest cloud fractions, followed by OCRA, then FRESCO and PC2K along four processed tracks (+2%, +10% and +15% compared to ICFA respectively). Synoptical surface observations gave the highest absolute cloud fraction when compared with individual PMD sub-pixels of roughly the same size
The Stellar Composition of the Star Formation Region CMa R1. II. Spectroscopic and Photometric Observations of 9 Young Stars
We present new high and low resolution spectroscopic and photometric data of
nine members of the young association CMa R1. All the stars have circumstellar
dust at some distance as could be expected from their association with
reflection nebulosity. Four stars (HD 52721, HD 53367, LkHalpha 220 and
LkHalpha 218) show Halpha emission and we argue that they are Herbig Be stars
with discs. Our photometric and spectroscopic observations on these stars
reveal new characteristics of their variability. We present first
interpretations of the variability of HD 52721, HD 53367 and the two LkHalpha
stars in terms of a partially eclipsing binary, a magnetic activity cycle and
circumstellar dust variations, respectively. The remaining five stars show no
clear indications of Halpha emission in their spectra, although their spectral
types and ages are comparable with those of HD 52721 and HD 53367. This
indicates that the presence of a disc around a star in CMa R1 may depend on the
environment of the star. In particular we find that all Halpha emission stars
are located at or outside the arc-shaped border of the H II region, which
suggests that the stars inside the arc have lost their discs through
evaporation by UV photons from nearby O stars, or from the nearby (< 25 pc)
supernova, about 1 Myr ago.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, accepted by MNRA
Analysis of the secular problem for triple star systems
The long-term dynamics of the three-body problem is studied. the goal is to study the motion of a planet (m(1)) around a star (m(0)) that is perturbed by a third-body (m(2)) (a planet or a brown dwarf star). the gravitational potential is developed in closed form up to the fourth order. Taking into account the triple system, it is shown here the evolution of some orbital parameters of the planet (m(1)). A comparison considering models with different orders for the disturbing potential is presented. We show that the behavior of the orbit of the inner planet can flip from prograde to retrograde trajectories. This is due to the third-order term, which strongly affects the eccentricity and inclination. We show that the effect of the fourth order term is to change the times when the phenomenon occurs.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP ICT, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP ICT, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc
New interactions: past and future experiments
In this talk I will review the present status and future perspectives of some
popular extensions of the conventional three-neutrino oscillation scenario,
from a purely phenomenological point of view. For concreteness I will focus
only on three specific scenarios: non-standard neutrino interactions with
matters, models with extra sterile neutrinos, and neutrino decay and
decoherence.Comment: LaTeX file using jpconf class, 8 pages, 2 tables. Proceedings of the
"XXIII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics"
(Neutrino 08), Christchurch, New Zealand, May 25-31, 200
A Possible Stellar Metallic Enhancement in Post-T Tauri Stars by a Planetesimal Bombardment
The photospheres of stars hosting planets have larger metallicity than stars
lacking planets. In the present work we study the possibility of an earlier
metal enrichment of the photospheres by means of impacting planetesimals during
the first 20-30Myr. Here we explore this contamination process by simulating
the interactions of an inward migrating planet with a disc of planetesimal
interior to its orbit. The results show the percentage of planetesimals that
fall on the star. We identified the dependence of the planet's eccentricity
() and time scale of migration () on the rate of infalling
planetesimals. For very fast migrations (yr and yr) there
is no capture in mean motion resonances, independently of the value of .
Then, due to the planet's migration the planetesimals suffer close approaches
with the planet and more than 80% of them are ejected from the system. For slow
migrations (yr and yr) the percentage of collisions with
the planet decrease with the increase of the planet's eccentricity. For
and most of the planetesimals were captured in the 2:1 resonance and
more than 65% of them collided with the star. Whereas migration of a Jupiter
mass planet to very short pericentric distances requires unrealistic high disc
masses, these requirements are much smaller for smaller migrating planets. Our
simulations for a slowly migrating 0.1 planet, even demanding
a possible primitive disc three times more massive than a primitive solar
nebula, produces maximum [Fe/H] enrichments of the order of 0.18 dex. These
calculations open possibilities to explain hot Jupiters exoplanets
metallicities.Comment: Accepted for publication by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Societ
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